Sec

 

Q-1 video created on "Education and Corruption ".

Ans- 

 

📖 Education vs 💰 Corruption: A Visual Journey

In today’s world, education and corruption stand as two powerful forces shaping society in completely opposite ways. Through my video, I have tried to highlight how books bring strength, respect, and true success, while money-driven corruption creates fake power, injustice, and poverty. The following scenes capture this contrast in detail:

1. Education Gives Strength vs. Corruption Gives Weakness:

The opening scene sets the foundation by showing the choice between a book and money. A caption declares: “Education gives strength, and corruption gives weakness.” This simple contrast reminds us that while money may provide shortcuts, only education can build lasting power.

2. Hard Work vs. Shortcuts:

On a split screen, one student studies hard while another buys success through bribes. The comparison highlights the unfairness of corruption, where undeserving individuals gain rewards that belong to those who truly work hard.

3. Respect Through Education vs. False Power Through Money:

Here, one person chooses a book and earns respect, success, and recognition, while another takes money to appear powerful. This shows how education provides strength that lasts a lifetime, whereas corruption gives only temporary power that eventually collapses.

4. Hiding Corruption:

Another contrast appears when money is chosen to gain quick benefits but is then hidden away. This symbolizes the guilt and secrecy that surround corruption, unlike education which brings pride and confidence.

5. Knowledge Brings Success vs. Cheating in Exams:

During an exam, one student writes sincerely while the voice-over says “Knowledge gives success.” This emphasizes that true achievement comes only from learning, not from cheating or bribery.

6. Fake Success Through Money:

A student’s score of 4/15 is falsely changed to 15/15 through bribery. This represents the fake success that corruption creates—marks can be bought, but real knowledge cannot.

7. Corruption in Opportunities:

A scene shows how all seats are marked as reserved, but with money, the paper is destroyed and opportunities open up unfairly. This reflects how corruption denies opportunities to deserving individuals while benefiting the wealthy.

8. Money Makes Rules:

A clip of money being flipped is captioned “Money makes the rules.” This symbolizes how corruption often bends systems to favor those with wealth, ignoring fairness and justice.

9. Poverty as a Result of Corruption:

The sight of poor children taking food packets reflects the harsh reality that corruption and lack of education deepen poverty. Instead of uplifting the underprivileged, corruption keeps them trapped in suffering.

10. Power of Knowledge vs. Power of Money:

The final transformation scene conveys the ultimate conflict: “Knowledge is equal to power” but gets replaced with “Money is equal to power.” This ending reminds us of the ongoing struggle in society, and the urgent need to restore knowledge as the true source of power.

✨ Conclusion:

This video is a reflection of how education and corruption constantly clash in our world. Education brings dignity, wisdom, and true strength, while corruption offers only temporary gain, injustice, and destruction. The choice between books and money is not just symbolic—it is the choice between building a better future or falling into the trap of false success.

“Corruption buys degrees, but education earns respect.”

Q-2 Presentation on the world of digitalization 

Ans -

Click here to see the presentation

      My presentation on "The world of Digitalisation". Digitalisation has become an essential part of our daily lives, transforming the way we learn, communicate, work, and manage our resources. From sending an email to writing blogs, from secure payments through GPay to storing important documents in DigiLocker, from creating presentations to exploring advanced tools like Chat GPT, every step shows how technology simplifies and empowers us. It not only saves time but also builds efficiency, transparency, and global connectivity. In today’s world, digitalisation is not just a choice but a necessity for growth and progress. By embracing it wisely, we open doors to innovation, knowledge, and a brighter future.

Q- 3 Digitalisation and the Future of Society: Opportunities and Challenges

Ans-

“Digitalisation is not just a trend, but the foundation of our future.”

       In the present age, digitalisation has become one of the most powerful forces shaping human life. It simply means moving from traditional ways of working to modern methods that use computers, the internet, and advanced technologies. Earlier, people had to depend on paper, face-to-face communication, and manual systems, but today almost every activity is influenced by digital tools. From education and healthcare to banking, shopping, and even entertainment, digitalisation has entered every corner of society.

       One of the most visible areas where digitalisation has brought change is education. Students no longer depend only on textbooks or classrooms. With the help of online classes, digital platforms, and mobile apps, knowledge is available anytime and anywhere. This has given equal opportunities to learners who may live in remote areas or cannot attend physical schools. The use of smart classrooms and online study materials has made learning more interactive and interesting.

       Healthcare has also improved greatly with digitalisation. Patients can now consult doctors through online platforms, receive quick test reports, and keep their medical records safely in digital form. This system not only saves time but also provides timely help. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine and health apps proved extremely useful, showing how digital tools can save lives and reduce human suffering.

       In the world of business and the economy, digitalisation has completely changed the picture. People no longer have to stand in long queues at banks, as mobile banking and UPI transactions make money transfer simple and quick. Shopping has also become easier through e-commerce websites like Amazon and Flipkart, which deliver products directly to people’s homes. Moreover, new careers have opened up in fields such as artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and digital marketing, which attract the youth and provide global opportunities.

       Communication has become faster than ever before. With the help of social media, video calls, and instant messaging, people can stay connected with friends and family across the world. News and information travel within seconds, making the world feel like a small global village. Governments are also making use of digitalisation by offering online services to citizens. Paying bills, applying for documents, or raising complaints can now be done from home, which saves both time and effort and increases transparency.

       However, along with these benefits, digitalisation also brings some challenges. One of the biggest concerns is the safety of personal information. As more and more data is stored online, the risk of hacking, cybercrime, and misuse of information also increases. Another serious issue is unemployment. Since many industries are now using machines and artificial intelligence, certain traditional jobs are disappearing. People who do not have digital skills may find it difficult to get employment in the future.

       Another major problem is the digital divide. While urban areas and wealthy people enjoy fast internet and smartphones, many rural areas and poor communities still lack access to digital facilities. This creates inequality, where one section of society moves forward while the other remains behind. Overuse of digital technology also affects people’s health. Spending too much time on phones or computers can cause stress, reduce face-to-face communication, and even lead to addiction.

       In conclusion, digitalisation is like a double-edged sword. On one side, it makes life easier, faster, and more advanced, while on the other side, it creates new difficulties for society. The future of digitalisation will depend on how wisely we use it. If technology is used responsibly, if proper skills are taught to everyone, and if access is given equally to rural as well as urban people, digitalisation will become a true path toward progress. It is not just a change in machines, but a change in the way humans think, work, and connect with the world. The coming years will show whether society can handle this powerful tool as a blessing or let it turn into a challenge.

Thank you...

_________________________________________________________________________

✨ Citation:

• photos created from chat GPT and video created from inshot video editing app.

• some information taken from Google, wikipedia, Honeywell and chat gpt.

Major 6

Essay 

Q - 1. Translating the proverb and idioms, and paragraph

Ans:- 

1. Break the ice 🧊: 

🪷 Literal meaning: 

  • બરફ તોડવો / to physically break or crack the ice .

🪷 Meaning:

  • To start a conversation in a friendly way and remove the initial shyness or tension between people.

🪷 Gujarati meaning:

  • વાતની શરૂઆત કરવી / મૌન તોડવું.”

🪷 Equivalence :

1. “વાતની ગાંઠ ખોલવી”

– (to untie the knot of conversation).

2. चुप्पी तोड़ना / बात की शुरुआत करना

- ( to break the silence, or starts to talk.) 

📌 Example:

At the party, he told a funny joke to break the ice.

2. Add fuel to fire 🔥:

🪷Literal meaning:

 • to pour ghee in the fire.

🪷 Meaning:

 • To make a bad situation worse by saying or doing something that increases anger, conflict, or problems.

🪷 Gujarati meaning: 

 • it remains same 'આગમાં ઘી નાખવું'.

🪷 Equivalence :

1.“ઝગડામાં મરચું નાખવું”

– (to throw chili into a quarrel) → to make the fight more intense.

2.“આગમાં ઘી નાખવું ”

– (to pour ghee into the fire) → exact same as English, very common.

📌 Example:

When they were already arguing, his rude comment just added fuel to the fire.

3. Kick the bucket🪣: 

🪷 Literal meaning :

 •To kick a bucket with foot.

🪷Meaning: 

 •To die / to pass away (મરી જવું / मर जाना).

🪷 Gujarati meaning:

 • મરી જવું 

🪷 Equivalence:

1. “स्वर्ग सिधार जाना”

– to depart to heaven (polite/formal)

2.“ઈશ્વરના ઘરે જવું”

– literal: to go to God’s home.

📌 Example:

The old man finally kicked the bucket after a long illness.

4. The ball in your court⚾⛳: 

🪷 Literal meaning: 

 • The ball has landed on your side of the court.

🪷 Meaning:

 •Now it’s your turn to take action or make a decision.

🪷 Gujarati meaning 

 •હવે નિર્ણય તારા હાથમાં છે.

🪷 Equivalence :

1.“હવે તારો વારો છે” (Now it’s your turn)

2. “अब फैसला तुम्हारे हाथ में है” (The decision is in your hands)

📌 Example:

I’ve done everything I can; now the ball is in your court.

5. When pigs fly🐷🪽:

🪷Literal meaning :

 •Pigs flying in the sky with wings 

🪷Meaning :

 •Something that will never happen / an impossible thing.

🪷Gujarat meaning :

 •"એકાદ તહેવારને ચાંદ દેખાડે ત્યારે" (something that happens extremely rarely).

🪷Equivalence :

 1. “जब गधे सींग मारेंगे”

– “When donkeys grow horns” → impossible.

 2. “ડુક્કર શીંગડા પાડે ત્યારે”

– “When pigs grow horns” → impossible situation.

📌 Example:

He will study without being told when pigs fly.

6. Once in a blue moon🌚:

🪷Literal meaning :

 •When the moon actually appears blue in color (which is extremely rare).

🪷Meaning :

 •Something that happens very rarely.

🪷Gujarati meaning :

 •ખૂબ જ ઓછા વખત / બહુ દુર્લભ પ્રસંગે.

🪷Equivalence :

 1. “અમેરિયા બેર આવશે ત્યારે”

– When Amriya berries come (a fruit that never comes → very rare).

 2. “कभी–कभार”

– Once in a while / rarely.

📌 Example:

He comes to the village once in a blue moon.

7. Let the cat out of the bag 🛍️ 😺:

🪷Literal meaning :

 •To take a cat out of a bag.

🪷Meaning :

 •To reveal a secret, often by mistake or before the right time.

🪷Gujarati meaning :

 • રહસ્ય ખુલ્લું પાડવું.

🪷Equivalence :

 1.“ભેદ ઉઘાડવો”

 2.“राज़ खोलना”

📌 Example:

We wanted her promotion to be a surprise, but John let the cat out of the bag.

8. A piece of cake 🍰 :

🪷Literal meaning :

 •A slice of cake.

🪷Meaning :

 •Something that is very easy to do.

🪷Gujarati meaning :

 •ખૂબ સહેલું કામ.

🪷Equivalence :

 •“પાણી પીવું જેટલું સહેલું” → As easy as drinking water.

 •“बाएँ हाथ का खेल” → A game of the left hand (very easy).

📌 Example:

The exam was a piece of cake.

9. Don't cry over spilled milk🥛:

🪷Literal meaning :

 •If milk has already fallen on the ground, crying will not bring it back.

🪷Meaning :

 •Don’t waste time worrying about things that have already happened and cannot be changed.

🪷Gujarati meaning :

 •દૂધ વેરાઈ ગયું છે, તેના માટે રડવું નહીં.

🪷Equivalence :

 •“થઈ ગયેલી વાત પર પસ્તાવો ના કરવો.”

 •"अब पछताए क्या जब चिड़िया चुग गई खेत।"

📌 Example:

It’s sad you lost money, but don’t cry over spilled milk.

Q -2  Translating the stories, poem & emotions :-

1.) "Post office"

✳️ English

In the grey sky of early dawn stars still glowed, as happy memories light up a life that is nearing its close. And old man was walking through the town, now when again drawing his tattered clothes tighter to shield hos body from the cold and biting wind. From some houses came the sound of grinding mills, and the sweet voices of women singing at their work, and the sound helped him along his lonely way. Except for the occasional bark of a dog, the distant steps of a workman going to work, or the screech of a bird disturbed before it's time, the whole town was wrapped in deathly silence. Most of its inhabitants were still in the arms of sleep, the sleep which grew more and more profound on account of the intense winter cold; for the cold used sleep to extend its sway over all things even as a false friend lulls his choosen victim with caressing smiles. The old man, shivering at times but fixed of purpose, plodded on till he came out of the town - gate on to a straight road. Along this he now went at a somewhat slower pace, supporting himself on his old staff.

 

✳️ Gujarati translation:

પાછલી રાત્રિનુ ભૂરું આકાશ, માનવજીવનમાં અનેક સુખદ યાદગીરી ચમકી રહે તેમ, નાના મોટા તારાઓ થી ચમકી રહ્યું હતું. ઠંડા પવનના સુસવાટા થી પોતાના જુના અને ફાટેલા ઝબ્બા ને શરીરે વધારે ને વધારે લપેટી લેતો એક વૃદ્ધ ડોસો શહેરના મધ્ય ભાગમાં થઈને જતો હતો. સ્વાધીન અવસ્થા ભોગવતા કેટલાક ઘરોમાંથી આ વખતે ઘંટી નો મધુર લાગતો અવાજ, કોઈક વહેલા ઉઠનારના પગરખાં નો છેટેથી સંભાળતો શબ્દ કે કોઈ અકાળે જાગેલા પક્ષીનો સ્વર: 

એ સિવાય શહેર તદ્દન શાંત હતું. લોકો મીઠી નિંદ્રામાં ઘોરતા હતા, અને શિયાળાની ઠંડીથી રાત્રિ વધારે ગાંઠ બનતી હતી. કહે નહિ છતાં કતલ કરી નાખે એવા મીઠા મનુષ્યના સ્વભાવ જેવી શિયાળાની ઠંડી કાતિલ હથિયાર ની માફક પોતાનો કાબુ સર્વત્ર ફેલાવી રહી હતી. વૃદ્ધ ડોસો ધ્રુજતોને શાંત રીતે ડગમગ ચાલતો, ‌ શહેરના દરવાજા બહાર થઈ, એક સીધી સડક પર આવી પહોંચ્યો, ‌ ને ધીમે ધીમે પોતાની જૂની ડાંગના ટેકાથી આગળ વધ્યો. 

🪷 Observation :

1. Faithfulness to Original Sense:

The translation keeps the essence of the old man walking in the cold, the silence of the town, the sounds of mills and women singing, the metaphor of cold as a false friend.

In this word to word is not done sense to sense translation is done which makes read naturally in gujarati.

2. Use of Gujarati Idiomatic Expressions:

Words like "ડોસો" (old man), "ઝબ્બા" (tattered clothes), and "કાતિલ હથિયાર" (murderous weapon) give cultural and emotional weight to the translation.

3. Slight Expansion / Paraphrasing

The English text says: “From some houses came the sound of grinding mills, and the sweet voices of women singing at their work...”

In Gujarati :

"સ્વાધીન અવસ્થા ભોગવતા કેટલાક ઘરોમાંથી આ વખતે ઘંટી નો મધુર લાગતો અવાજ..."→ Here, “ઘંટીનો મધુર અવાજ” is not in the original, but you added it to make the sentence more melodious in Gujarati.

4. Tone and Flow

The English original is poetic, descriptive, and melancholic. It also shows slow, detailed, and emotional—matching the atmosphere of early dawn and the lonely journey.

2.) "Three neighbours"

✳️ English 

The seth and Ram are waking; the whole world's calling;

The burdens of the earth with the saviour's birth are falling.

Sounds of the morning, 

Birds twittering in the morning,

Drown out Makor's hungry howl.

Ram is in forest dwelling; the Seth in his palace home.

Temple gongs and trumpet sound of revelry are blown.

Makor faints to her death.

A lone black crow laments her gone .

✳️ Gujarati translation 

શેઠ જાગે તે રામજી જાગે, જાગે સો સંસાર. 

ભોમના ભાર ઉતારવા આજે જન્મ્યા તા કિરતાર,

પરોઢના જાગતા સાદે રે, 

પંખીના મીઠડા નાદે રે,

ડૂબે માકોર નો ભૂખ પોકાર. 

શેઠ હસે બેઠા આઠમે માળે, રામ રમે રણવાસ,

રામે મંદિર ઝાલર બાજે, શેઠને મહેલ હુલાસ, 

માકોરની મૂરછાંટાણે‌ રે,

ઘંટીના મોતના ગાણે રે, 

કાળો એક કાગ ક‌ળે‌ળે નિસાસ,

🪷 Observation:

1. Wealth vs Renunciation – Seth in palace, Ram in forest.

શેઠ મહેલમાં, રામ રણમાં.

2. Nature vs Celebration – Birds sing, temple gongs resound.

પંખી ગાય, મંદિરે ઝાંઝ વાગે.

3. Ignored Suffering – Makor dies, only crow laments.

માકોર મરે, કાગ જ રડે.

4. Philosophical Irony – Ram born, yet pain remains.

રામ જન્મ્યા, દુઃખ યથાવત.

3.) "The heart seeks"

✳️ English

The heart seeks again, those nights and days 

Sitting for long, with my imaginings at play. 

In summer nights Easter lies 

Staying awake in white sheet 

Star-gazing in the terrace, stretch on a feet 

✳️Hindi translation 

मिर्जा गालिब का एक शेर है 

दिल ढूंढता है फिर वही फुर्सत के रात – दिन 

बैठे रहे तसव्वर – ए – जाना किए हए

 

या गर्मियों की रात जो पुरवइया चले 

ठंडे सफेद बिस्तर पर जागे देर तक     

तारों को देखते रहे छत पर पड़े हुए 

🪷 Observation:

1. Theme → Nostalgia and imagination, heart longing for carefree nights and days.

विषय → स्मृतियाँ और कल्पना, दिल फिर वही बेफ़िक्र दिन-रात चाहता है।

2. Imagery → Summer nights, cool breeze, white sheets, terrace star-gazing.

बिंब → गर्मियों की रातें, ठंडी पुरवाइयाँ, सफेद बिस्तर, छत पर तारों को निहारना।

3. Tone → Meditative, tender, filled with longing.

स्वर → ध्यानमग्न, कोमल और अभिलाषा से भरा हुआ।

4. Language → Poetic words preserve rhythm and emotion in both versions.

भाषा → काव्यात्मक शब्द लय और भाव को दोनों रूपों में बनाए रखते हैं।

5. Nostalgia → “The heart seeks again” mirrors दिल ढूंढता है फिर वही, evoking lost leisure.

स्मृति → “The heart seeks again” सीधा दिल ढूंढता है फिर वही को दर्शाता है, बीती फुर्सत को जगाता है।

6. Cultural Reflection → Terrace nights in Indian summers reflect everyday lived experience.

4. "Kabuliwala" 

✳️ English 

Mini's mother is a naturally timid person. Whenever she hears a slight noise from the street, she thinks all the tipplers of the world are rushing together towards our house. After living so many years in this world (though not many), she has still not been able to temper her fear that the world is full of all kinds of horrors: thieves, robbers, drunkards, snakes, tigers, malaria, cockroaches, and European soldiers.

✳️ Gujarati translation 

મીની ની મા ખૂબ વહેમી સ્વભાવની બાઈ હતી. રસ્તા પર જરા જેટલો‌ અવાજ થાય તો‌‌ આખી દુનિયાના દારૂડિઓ બસ અમારા જ‌ ઘરમાં ઘૂસવા દોડી આવે છે એવું એને લાગે. આખી પૃથ્વી ચારે ખૂણે ચોર, ‌ડાકુ, દારૂડીયા, સાપ, વાઘ, મેલેરિયા, ઇયળો, વંદા, કાનખજૂરા, અને ગોરાઓથી જ ભરાયેલી છે એ એનો ભય આટલા દિવસ ( બહુ વધારે દિવસ ન હોતા થયા) ઓ પૃથ્વી પર વાસ કરતા છતાં હજી એના મનમાંથી દૂર થયો નહોતો. 

🪷 Observation:

1. Theme → Human fear and insecurity, especially in timid personalities.

2. Characterization → Mini’s mother is portrayed as overly cautious, imagining every noise as danger.

3. Tone → Humorous yet sympathetic — her fears seem exaggerated to the reader but real to her.

4. Imagery → The long list of dangers (thieves, snakes, malaria, cockroaches, soldiers) creates both fear and comic effect.

5. Social Reflection → Reveals how ordinary families lived surrounded by anxieties of disease, crime, and colonial rule.

6. Irony → Despite living many years in the world, her fear never lessened but grew stronger.

Thank you....

• Citation: 

👉🏻 Photos created from chat GPT.

 

👉🏻 Some information taken from Google translator, chat GPT and  Cambridge dictionary.

Major - 6

Home Assignment 

Q- 2 How has translation evolved from traditional human - centered methods to modern technology-assisted practices, and what role does digitalisation play in shaping contemporary translation studies? 

Ans - Introduction: 

                                Translation Studies, as an academic discipline, has traditionally focused on understanding the theory, practice, and history of translation—how meaning moves between languages, cultures, and contexts. Historically, translation relied on human skill, intuition, and expertise, often constrained by manual processes and the availability of resources like dictionaries or parallel texts. With the advent of digitalisation, Translation Studies has entered a transformative phase. Digital tools, software, and the internet have redefined both the practice and study of translation. Machine Translation (MT) systems, Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) tools, translation memory databases, and artificial intelligence-powered language models have accelerated translation speed, increased consistency, and enabled access to vast multilingual resources.

       Digitalisation has also expanded the scope of Translation Studies to include new areas such as localisation, subtitling, audiovisual translation, corpus linguistics, and post-editing of machine translation output. Researchers now explore not only linguistic fidelity but also how technology mediates meaning, shapes translation workflows, and affects translator decision-making. In essence, Translation Studies in the digital age is no longer just about the transfer of meaning between languages; it is about understanding the dynamic interplay between language, technology, and culture. It integrates traditional theoretical frameworks with emerging computational approaches, preparing translators for a landscape where human creativity and digital efficiency coexist.

☸ What is  Translation?

       Translation is the process of transferring meaning from a source language (the original language) into a target language (the language you are translating into) while preserving the sense, style, tone, and context of the original text. It is more than just word-for-word substitution; effective translation requires understanding cultural nuances, idioms, context, and the purpose of the text. Translation can be written (text translation) or spoken (interpretation) and is applied in literature, media, technical documents, business, law, and more.

       In simple terms, translation bridges languages and cultures, allowing people who speak different languages to communicate, share ideas, and access information. Translation is the art and science of conveying meaning from one language (source) into another (target) while maintaining the original message’s accuracy, style, and cultural relevance. It’s not just literal conversion; it requires understanding context, purpose, and audience.

❀ what was translation in past? 

       Translation in the past, especially before the modern digital era, was a very different and often more labor-intensive process than it is today. Here's a detailed breakdown:

1. Definition in the Past:

       In historical contexts, translation was primarily the act of converting text or speech from one language into another, focusing on conveying meaning, cultural context, and sometimes literary style.

2. Historical Methods:

•Manual Process: Translation was done entirely by human translators, often scholars or scribes, who had to understand both the source and target languages deeply.

•Literal vs. Free Translation: Early translators debated between word-for-word translation (literal) and sense-for-sense translation (free).

•Example: In classical texts like the Bible or Greek literature, translators often had to decide whether to keep exact wording or adapt meaning for the audience.

•Cultural Adaptation: Translators often localized texts to fit the social, religious, and cultural norms of the target audience.

3. Tools in the Past:

       Dictionaries and grammars were limited and often incomplete. Translations relied heavily on personal knowledge, interpretation, and scholarly references. Printing press (from 15th century) allowed wider dissemination of translations, but the work still required careful human expertise.

4. Purpose of Translation:

👉🏻Religious: Translating sacred texts (Bible, Quran, Buddhist sutras) to make them accessible to followers.

👉🏻Literary: Bringing foreign literature to new audiences.

👉🏻Diplomatic & Trade: Translating treaties, contracts, or trade documents.

5. Challenges:

       Lack of standardized vocabulary for many languages. High risk of misinterpretation or loss of nuance. Time-consuming; even a single book could take months or years to translate.

🌟In essence: Translation in the past was a highly human - centered, interpretive, and scholarly activity, shaped by culture, religion, and the translator’s judgment, without the help of machines or digital tools.

❀ Translation studies in present that is through digitalisation:

            Digitalisation in translation studies refers to the integration of modern digital technologies into the process of translation and its academic research. It is the shift from traditional, manual methods of translation—using paper dictionaries and human memory—to technology-assisted practices that involve computer-assisted translation (CAT) tools, machine translation (MT) systems, and online resources. In translation studies, digitalisation does not only change how translation is carried out but also how it is studied, researched, and taught. It enables faster, more accurate, and large-scale multilingual communication, while also opening new areas of study such as localisation, subtitling for digital media, corpus-based translation research, and the role of artificial intelligence in language transfer.

 1. Introduction to Digitalisation in Translation:

✳️Explain briefly what digitalisation means: the integration of digital technology into everyday life and work.

✳️Connect it to translation: how translation is no longer just human manual work but also involves computers, software, and online tools.

🌟Example idea:

"With the rise of computers and the internet, translation has increasingly moved into the digital realm, changing both the methods and the scope of translation practices."

2. Digital Tools in Translation Studies:

🪷Mention Translation Memory (TM) tools: stores previously translated texts to assist translators.

🪷Machine Translation (MT): Google Translate, DeepL, AI-based translation.

🪷CAT (Computer-Assisted Translation) Tools: software that helps translators work faster and more accurately.

3. Impact on Translation Studies:

       Research in translation studies now includes digital methodologies, such as corpus analysis, NLP (Natural Language Processing), and AI-driven translation evaluation.

Translation studies are no longer just theoretical; they involve practical training with digital tools.

4. Advantages of Digitalisation:

❇️Speeds up translation and improves consistency.

❇️Enables large-scale multilingual communication (websites, social media, global business).

❇️Creates new areas for study: localization, subtitling for digital media, and AI translation ethics.

5. Conclusion / Future Perspective:

       Highlight that digitalisation has transformed translation from a purely linguistic task to a techno-linguistic practice.

Translation studies today combine traditional skills with digital competencies.

🌟Example sentence:

"Thus, translation studies in the digital age focus not only on the art of language conversion but also on mastering digital tools and technologies that enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and scope of translation."

💮How digitalisation origin:

❇️ Origin of Digitalisation :

       Digitalisation as a concept started to gain prominence in the mid-20th century with the invention of computers and digital technology. While it is hard to credit a single “founder,” pioneers like Alan Turing laid the groundwork for digital computing, and later, companies like IBM and software developers contributed to digital tools that transformed translation.

In translation specifically, the development of Computer-Assisted Translation (CAT) tools in the 1980s and 1990s, like Trados, marked the beginning of digitalised translation practices.

💮 Impact on Past Translation Practices:

 •Before digitalisation, translation was entirely manual: dictionaries, reference books, and human memory were essential.

Digitalisation introduced Translation Memory (TM), Machine Translation (MT), and corpus-based research, drastically reducing human effort for repetitive tasks. Past translations could take days or weeks; digital tools allow for near-instant translation of large texts. However, this shift also challenged traditional translation methods, emphasizing speed and technology over purely human creativity and linguistic intuition.

💮 Can We Depend Fully on Digital Translation?

✨Digital translation tools are helpful but not perfect.

✨Machine translation can produce fast results but often lacks context, cultural nuance, and idiomatic understanding.

✨Human oversight is still essential for high-quality, precise, and culturally accurate translations.

       Therefore, the modern approach is a collaboration between human translators and digital tools to achieve the best results.

Thank you...

• Citation:

➡️Photos created from chat GPT and canva . And some information taken from chat GPT and  Google.