AEC

 

Class Assignment 

Q- 1 Explain active and passive voice in "past continuous tense ".

Ans - Introduction:

                           The English verb form with indicate whether the subject of the sentence do something or something has been done on the subject called 'voice'. In this the subject is present in the sentence and is also doing the action aur something has done on that particular subject.

There are two types of voice:-

1. Active voice 

2. Passive voice 

 1. Active voice:  

                         It is in which the doer of action is the main one , the active voice Syntex is formed.In active voice, the subject of the sentence performs the action expressed by the verb.

•Definition: 

“In a sentence written in the active voice, the subject performs the action”.

Merriam-Webster puts it simply: “When a sentence is in the active voice, the subject … performs the action represented by the verb”. 

2. Passive voice:

                         In passive voice, the subject receives the action rather than doing it. It’s typically formed with a form of "to be" + past participle: e.g., “The ball was thrown by Jerry”.The subject is acted upon, sometimes with the performer introduced via “by”.

✅ Simple Definition:

Passive voice is when the subject of the sentence is acted upon rather than doing the action. 

❁Quick Tips:

•To convert active → passive:

•Swap subject and object.

•Use an appropriate form of “to be” + past participle.

•Optionally include the original subject with “by ...” .

•To convert passive → active, reverse the process:

•Identify the agent and make it the subject. 

•Simplify the verb back to its base or past tense form directly.

✳️ Active voice and passive voice in the 'Past Continuous Tense' 

                     Click here

∆Positive sentence : 

Active voice :     

Subject + was/were + verb ( ing form) + object + other words.

Passive voice:

Object + was/were + being + v3 form + by + subject + other words. 

Examples :

1. She was working in the campus yesterday.

👉🏻 In the campus was being worked by her yesterday.

2. Hiya was traveling by train last night. 

👉🏻 By train was being travelled by hiya last night.

3. We were playing garba last night.

👉🏻 Garba were being played by us last night.

4. He was observing a man.

👉🏻 A man was being observed by him.

5. They were going for adventure park.

👉🏻 For adventure park were being gone by them.

∆ Negative sentence: 

Active voice:

Subject + was/were + not + verb( ing form) + object + other words.

Passive voice: 

Object + was/were + not + being + v3 form + by + subject + other words.

Examples:

1. Shreya was not attending a lecture in last month.

👉🏻 A lecture was not being attended by Shreya in last month.

2. She was not wearing beautiful dress in yesterday party.

👉🏻 Beautiful dress was not being worn by her in yesterday party.

3. Riya was not enjoying the dance.

👉🏻 The dance was not being enjoyed by Riya.

4. We were not playing football last day.

👉🏻 Football was not being played by us last day.

5. They were not enjoying movie yesterday.

👉🏻 Movie was not being enjoyed by them yesterday.

∆ Interrogative sentence: 

Active voice: 

Was/Were + subject + verb ( ing form) + object + other words + ?. 

Passive voice: 

Was/Were + object + being + v3 + by + subject + other words + ?.

Examples:

1. Was he reading the book?

👉🏻 Was the book being read by him?

2. Were they playing cricket ?

👉🏻 Were cricket being played by them?

3. Were we obeying the norms?

👉🏻 Were the norms being obeyed by us ? 

4. Was she looking pretty?

👉🏻 Was pretty being looked by her ?

5. Was he coming for competition?

👉🏻 Was for competition being came by him?

✻ Conclusion: 

                         Thus to conclude, about the active and passive voice and the past continuous tense. This place a very important role in grammar. 

 Home Assignment 

Q-2 Reading comprehension about ' The problems with too many choices' right answers of the given questions. 

👉🏻  ' The problems with too many choices ' 

    

          Today, people have more choices than ever before. At the grocery store, we can pick from dozens of kind of cereal. At college, students can choose from many different  majors. At first, received like a good thing more choices mean more freedom, right ?

          In today’s world, people are surrounded by countless options in almost every aspect of life. Whether it is choosing what to wear, what to eat, or which product to buy online, the number of choices seems endless. At first, this may appear to be a good thing. More choices mean more freedom, and freedom is usually seen as positive.However, psychologists have found that too many options can sometimes make people unhappy rather than satisfied. When faced with many alternatives, people often spend a lot of time comparing each choice. This can make decision-making stressful and exhausting. For example, a person shopping for a simple item, like a bottle of shampoo, may find dozens of brands offering similar promises. Instead of feeling confident, the shopper may feel confused and worried about making the wrong choice.

          Economist has said that more choices help people get what they want. But some psychologist, like Barry Schwartz, think more choices will make us happy, they can actually make us feel worse. We may feel regret after choosing or fear that we must better option. Economist are the people who study money and markets often say that having more choices is a sign of freedom. It gives people the power to find exactly what they want. And it is important to make a good choice. 

          The same thing happens in the school and colleges. Students can also pic from many different subject and courses. While having option can seem like a good thing, eat sometimes make people feel confused or even stressed. Choosing one thing often means saying " NO" to many other things, and that can make people worry if they made the right choice.

 

          But psychologists and researchers have discovered an interesting paradox: the more choices people have, the more difficult decision-making can become. This phenomenon is sometimes called the “paradox of choice.”When we face a limited number of options, the decision is usually simple and quick. For example, if there are only two or three kinds of juice at a shop, a customer can choose easily. However, when there are 20 different flavors from 10 different brands, the same customer might spend a long time comparing, reading labels, and worrying about which one is best. Instead of feeling empowered, the person may feel anxious, exhausted, or even frustrated.

 

          In some cases, people experience something known as decision paralysis. This happens when the number of options is so overwhelming that a person avoids making a decision altogether. For example, a student who has to choose from hundreds of courses may delay enrollment because deciding feels too difficult.This does not mean that choices are bad. On the contrary, having no choice at all can make people feel trapped and powerless. The real solution lies in balance. Experts suggest that a smaller, carefully selected set of options often leads to greater happiness. For instance, restaurants with shorter menus often make customers feel more satisfied than those with extremely long menus. With fewer options, people decide more quickly and feel more confident that they chose well.

          In conclusion, freedom of choice is important, but too many choices can harm decision-making. To live happier lives, people should focus on making thoughtful choices without getting lost in endless possibilities. So, while having choices can be helpful to many choices and even can sometimes cause the stress, confusion, a regret. The challenges to find a balance- having enough option to feel free, but not so many that we feel overwhelmed.

📘 Question – Answer

A. Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

a) Having no choices is better than having some.

b) Too many choices can sometimes cause stress, confusion, and regret.

c) More choices always make people happy.

d) Freedom is not important.

Answer: b) Too many choices can sometimes cause stress, confusion, and regret.

2. Who is Barry Schwartz and what does he believe?

a) An economist who says choices are always good.

b) A psychologist who thinks too many choices can make us feel worse.

c) A teacher who tells students to choose fewer courses.

d) A market researcher who studies food products.

Answer: b) A psychologist who thinks too many choices can make us feel worse.

3. What is decision paralysis?

a) Feeling happy after making a choice.

b) Avoiding a decision because there are too many options.

c) Choosing quickly without thinking.

d) Comparing options confidently.

Answer: b) Avoiding a decision because there are too many options.

4. According to economists, why are choices important?

a) They confuse people.

b) They make shopping easier.

c) They are a sign of freedom and help people get what they want.

d) They prevent regret.

Answer: c) They are a sign of freedom and help people get what they want.

B. True or False

5. More choices always make people happy.

Answer: False

6. Having no choices at all can make people feel trapped.

Answer: True

7. Decision paralysis means making a decision very quickly.

Answer: False

8. Restaurants with shorter menus often leave customers more satisfied.

Answer: True

 

Essay 

Q-3 write an essay on "Importance of Grammar "

Ans- Introduction:

          The Importance of Grammar

           Language is the most powerful medium of human expression. It bridges thoughts and words, transforming ideas into forms that can be shared with others. Within the intricate structure of language lies grammar, the invisible skeleton that gives order and meaning to our communication. Grammar may appear rigid to some learners, as if it were nothing more than a set of arbitrary rules, but in truth it is the foundation that allows language to function with clarity, precision, and beauty. Without grammar, words would lose their harmony, communication would descend into chaos, and the elegance of literature, education, and even everyday conversation would suffer. Understanding the importance of grammar means recognizing its role not only in communication but also in shaping culture, thought, and society.

           Grammar is often defined as the system of a language, the framework that organizes words into sentences and gives them coherence. It governs how words are formed, combined, and transformed into meaningful expressions. At its core, grammar is not about memorizing endless rules but about creating consistency and understanding. Just as mathematics relies on formulas for accuracy, language depends on grammar for intelligibility. If words were bricks, grammar would be the architecture that arranges them into a house. A pile of bricks on its own is meaningless; only when carefully ordered into walls and structures does it become a shelter. Similarly, without grammar, words remain scattered and disjointed, incapable of creating proper sense.

          The importance of grammar becomes evident in communication. In a globalized world where people interact across cultures and boundaries, language is the medium of connection. Clear communication is essential in business, education, politics, and social life, and grammar is what ensures that clarity. A single misplaced tense or punctuation mark can change the entire meaning of a sentence. For example, “Let’s eat, Grandma” and “Let’s eat Grandma” convey two drastically different messages, one inviting and the other horrifying. The difference rests solely on grammar. Correct grammar eliminates ambiguity and allows the speaker or writer to express exactly what they intend. Inaccurate grammar, on the other hand, can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts, and loss of credibility.

          Moreover, grammar is tied to identity and impression. The way a person speaks or writes often becomes a reflection of their education, professionalism, and personality. Employers, teachers, and even peers tend to judge people based on the grammatical accuracy of their communication. A job application letter filled with errors creates an impression of carelessness, while a grammatically correct letter demonstrates attention to detail and seriousness. In academic writing, grammar ensures that ideas are communicated logically and persuasively. In professional communication, it lends authority and respect. Thus, grammar is not only about correctness; it is about reputation and confidence.

          Beyond communication, grammar also shapes thought. Linguists and philosophers have long argued that the structure of language influences the way people perceive reality. When grammar organizes words into patterns of tense, mood, and voice, it guides the speaker in framing time, relationships, and perspectives. For instance, the use of active and passive voice can determine whether attention is placed on the doer of an action or the action itself. Saying “The teacher praised the student” highlights the teacher, while “The student was praised by the teacher” emphasizes the student. Such subtle differences, governed entirely by grammar, reveal how language molds perception. In this sense, grammar is not just a linguistic tool but also a cognitive framework that directs human thought.

          In the field of literature, grammar plays an even more profound role. Writers, poets, and dramatists depend on the nuances of grammar to create rhythm, style, and meaning. The beauty of Shakespeare’s plays, the depth of Milton’s poetry, and the precision of modern novels all rely on careful manipulation of grammar. Literary creativity often involves bending grammatical norms, but such experimentation is only meaningful when the writer has first mastered the rules. Just as a painter must understand form and proportion before experimenting with abstraction, a writer must grasp grammar before they can creatively deviate from it. Grammar, therefore, is both a boundary and a source of freedom. It provides the limits within which creativity thrives and against which innovation becomes significant.

          Education, too, is deeply rooted in grammar. In schools and universities, students are trained to express themselves in essays, reports, and research papers. Grammar is the backbone of this expression, ensuring that ideas are presented clearly, logically, and persuasively. When students neglect grammar, their arguments lose strength, no matter how brilliant their ideas may be. Teachers across disciplines emphasize grammar because it is not confined to English alone; it permeates every subject. A scientist presenting findings, a historian narrating events, or a lawyer drafting a case all require grammatical accuracy. Without it, knowledge risks being lost in confusion. Thus, grammar is essential for academic growth and intellectual development.

          In addition, grammar connects past, present, and future generations through language preservation. Every language evolves, but grammar ensures that this evolution is coherent. Without grammar, languages would fragment into countless dialects, losing mutual intelligibility. Grammar allows written texts from centuries ago to still be read and understood today. It is because of grammar that readers can enjoy the works of Homer, Dante, or Tagore, despite the passage of time. Grammar serves as a bridge, carrying culture, tradition, and heritage across eras. It stabilizes language while allowing it to adapt, thus ensuring continuity in human expression.

 

          Grammar help us to express our thoughts and a proper way. In addition grammar helps us to become better reader and listeners. When we understand gram or we can easily understand what others are trying to say. It also help us learn other languages more quickly because it is important in our daily life.

          The importance of grammar also extends to global communication. In today’s interconnected world, English has emerged as a lingua franca, used in international trade, diplomacy, and technology. For millions of non-native speakers, mastering English grammar is the key to accessing global opportunities. Grammar provides a common ground where speakers from different cultures can meet with mutual understanding. Without grammar, language learning would become a chaotic exercise in memorizing random words. Grammar, by offering a structure, simplifies the process and enables learners to construct infinite sentences from a limited vocabulary. It empowers individuals to participate in global conversations with confidence.

          Another significant aspect of grammar lies in its role in digital communication. With the rise of texting, social media, and instant messaging, some argue that grammar has lost its importance. Abbreviations, emojis, and fragmented sentences seem to dominate modern expression. Yet even in digital communication, grammar remains vital. A poorly written email to a colleague or a grammatically incorrect post on a professional platform can damage credibility. Even in casual conversations, grammar provides subtle cues that shape tone and meaning. The difference between “your” and “you’re” may seem minor, but it can determine how seriously a message is taken. Grammar ensures that the speed of digital communication does not compromise its clarity or respect.

          Furthermore, grammar contributes to discipline and logical thinking. Learning grammar requires attention to detail, practice, and patience. It trains the mind to recognize patterns, apply rules, and analyze language critically. These skills go beyond linguistics and contribute to problem-solving and reasoning in other areas of life. Just as mathematics sharpens logic, grammar sharpens linguistic awareness. It creates an analytical mindset that benefits learners in academics, careers, and personal growth.

          Some critics argue that strict adherence to grammar may stifle creativity or privilege certain social classes who have access to formal education. While it is true that languages evolve and that communication is possible even with imperfect grammar, this does not diminish its importance. Grammar should not be viewed as a tool of exclusion but as a universal resource available to all. It is the responsibility of educators to make grammar accessible, engaging, and inclusive, ensuring that learners view it not as a burden but as a liberating force. Far from restricting creativity, grammar provides the foundation upon which imagination can build.

          Ultimately, grammar is a symbol of respect—for language, for communication, and for others. When a person uses grammar correctly, they show respect for their own thoughts by expressing them clearly and respect for their audience by making those thoughts understandable. Grammar is the courtesy of language, ensuring that messages are not carelessly thrown but carefully delivered. It enhances not only communication but also relationships, since mutual understanding is the root of trust and cooperation.

          In conclusion, the importance of grammar cannot be overstated. It is the structure that holds language together, the instrument that ensures clarity, and the guide that shapes thought and culture. From everyday conversations to academic research, from literary masterpieces to professional communication, grammar remains indispensable. It protects meaning, preserves heritage, and empowers individuals to connect across time and space. While it may appear as a set of rigid rules, grammar is, in truth, the silent force that gives life to language. To neglect grammar is to risk confusion and disarray; to embrace it is to embrace clarity, creativity, and connection. Grammar, therefore, is not merely a part of language—it is the very essence of communication, the backbone of expression, and the guardian of meaning in human life.

Thank you ....

_______________________________________

Citation: 

•Photos created from chat GPT.

Some information taken from chat

•GPT, Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge University Press.Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Hunter college.